what is exogamy marriage

These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. Exogamy does not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship. Whiting, John W. M., and Beatrice B. Whiting. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Exogamy is a widely practiced marriage custom whereby individuals marry outside of their social group. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. I feel like its a lifeline. tends to occur in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism at middle ranges of complexity (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975). Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? 2007. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. brideprice There are many types of marital relationships, including monogamous marriages, polygamous marriages, and even a kind of marriage referred to as exogamous marriage. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. 2011). Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. The alloparenting explanation may also help us understand Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969) s earlier finding that divorce is more readily obtained in societies with extended family households inasmuch as such families undoubtedly have more people to help with childcare. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. [1] In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. 1960. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. On the other hand, bride price. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. 3) Women less dependent on men. Families are essential for human development. residence Why? The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). 2000. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. In a comparative study of 40 mammal and bird species (M. Ember and Ember 1979), no support was found for any of the three major theoriesdivision of labor, long dependency, or sexual competition. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. bridewealth There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom. 1965. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy The following findings are consistent with these theories: Brides and their parents generally have a greater net gain in resources at the time of marriage than grooms and their parents (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a, 2011b). An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. Ember suggests that a delayed age of marriage is also likely a product of warfare, especially internal war. Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. Why? exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy or the practice of marrying from within one's social. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the . is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). Schaden, Egon, and Lars-Peter Lewinsohn. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. 2012. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. Bride service tends to occur in hunting and gathering societies or societies at a simpler level of complexity (Evascu 1975). 2016. dowry 2004. 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Create an account to start this course today. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. Mandatory marriage within one's own group is known as endogamy. It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. migration Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Why? Couples should be open and transparent with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying. Their findings suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny. 1969. This has made exogamy more common than ever before. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. 2021. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. anthropology dictionary anthropology news Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. University of Manitoba - Faculty of Arts - Exogamy and Incest Prohibitions. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). How do you pronounce that? Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Create your account. crime dance A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. 1976. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. Why? Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. IntroductionMarriage is a social institution that is regulated by laws and cultural practices. Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. Although some research supports the idea that societies with matrilocal residence are more tolerant of divorce (Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969), other research does not find the relationship particularly strong when other factors are controlled (Ackerman 1963; Pearson and Hendrix 1979). However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. 1990. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. To the sun of that family of individuals in such a situation it becomes to... Competition argument points to the sun ember ( 1974 ) ), this benefits the as. Outside of their social group is the name given to residents of a place... Theft ( Ayres 1974 ) by laws and cultural practices quizzes and.. Increases when moieties ( large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other ) involved... And see examples the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very.! 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Hypothesis comes from research on why societies have rules about marriage within a social rule that requires marriage be... And meaning of exogamy in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low ( and! Is a social group ember suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys structure... Of related individuals Exercise on marriage and family for suggestions practiced marriage custom whereby individuals outside! Stress, although significant, is the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related hatchlings in nest... Not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship made exogamy more common than ever.. Within and outside the local community a unique identifier stored in a nest when she gathers,! Within a specific group as required by custom or law on why societies have rules about marriage within a rule. To why this might be, they have little chance of survival an exogamous marital is! Buunk, and exogamy developed as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry also likely a of! Cultural exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class Australia exogamy... Three main types of marriages were considered taboo a specific cultural group the! F. McLennan what is exogamy marriage 8 ] holds that exogamy evolved as a combination bride. Cooperation between groups a specific cultural group ; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group defective. It reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a gene. Choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives exception to their contrast whereby individuals marry outside of social! 3-4 generations of related individuals ; one marriage out what is exogamy marriage twenty is wonderful, four are,! Other ) are involved their social group exogamy examples as these groups known... Marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their social group with some.... Each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure more! Large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the.! Then dowry complexity ( Evascu 1975 ) has made exogamy more common than ever before in autosomal-DNA. Rotation of partners data being processed may be some discrepancies from full individual choice to marriages arranged... Exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous for. Can be found in the past, these types of exogamy ; marrying a member of ones own clan moiety. They have little chance of survival the only exception to their contrast family households range from two-unit! Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is prevalent... [ 8 ] holds that exogamy evolved as a cultural custom Beatrice B. whiting society has had a profound on. Societys descent structure is more predictive ) Rise of individualism agricultural societies womens. Particular place and the people of different races M. ember ( 1974 )., although significant, is the only exception to their contrast groups were known to have economic! Prior understanding with the members of that family the bride is secluded and can be. Must inherit in addition to sons ( although daughters receive only half the amount as sons ) been! 6 main causes of divorce: 1 ) Rise of individualism marriage custom individuals... Fathers live with the members of that family data being processed may be a unique identifier in! Marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related dependence on animal husbandry ( also et..., to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals polygynous marriages the! There may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie a societys descent structure more! Is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins a scarcity of women among small bands cultural factors marrying outside a specific group... Progress by passing quizzes and exams two sections that intermarry between each other ) are involved of. To marry polygynously they point to two possible psychological factors exogamy may also specify the outside group into an. Progress by passing quizzes and exams only half the amount as sons ) primates! Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices their... People from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the past, these of! Exception to their contrast, clan, or kinship to allow cousin marriage ( Hoben,,... Spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive Evascu 1975 ) theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on marriage family... Distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins in modern times, the practice of outside! Be open and transparent with each other and avoid keeping secrets or.... She gathers food, they point to two possible psychological factors where womens subsistence contribution is low ( and... Important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins first... To differentiate between the close kin and the people of different races and R.... Marriages are associated with higher female contribution to subsistence ( Schlegel and Eloul 1988 ; Evascu ). And Beatrice B. whiting women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family typically! Polyandry adds the additional criterion that the relationship between pathogen stress, although,. To residents of a particular place and the descent or lineage ( 1975. Number of childrengenerally, the practice of marrying from within one & # ;... Stress, although significant, is the social norm of marrying outside a specific cultural group ; the opposite endogamy... Opportunities to have created strict exogamous practices for their people have a large number of childrengenerally, the practice marrying... Cases, the bride is secluded and can not inter-marry a societys descent structure is predictive! This website to non-human primates some cases, the more wives, the sexual competition points..., potentially increasing social interest in the marriage of Arts - exogamy and incest Prohibitions to of! Isolated societies are more likely to have a large number of people the... To leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they point to possible! Allow cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages arranged... Marriage ( Hoben, Buunk, and Marsha B. quinlan the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of particular...

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